Figure 3From: Deterministic global optimization algorithm based on outer approximation for the parameter estimation of nonlinear dynamic biological systemsOptimization algorithm based on outer approximation. Our approach decomposes the problem into two subproblems: a master MILP, constructed by relaxing the original model using piecewise McCormick envelopes and hyper-planes, that provides a lower bound, and a slave NLP that yields an upper bound. The algorithm iterates between these two levels until a termination criterion is satisfied.Back to article page