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Table 3 Description of pathogenic mechanisms of action included in DBSecSys

From: DBSecSys: a database of Burkholderia malleisecretion systems

Name

Pathogens use this mechanism to:

Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement

Subvert the host cell cytoskeleton to promote attachment to host cell surface, internalization in the host cell, and to prevent uptake by phagocytic cells.

Actin-based motility

Bind to host actin, triggering actin polymerization on the pathogens’ surface and producing a mechanical force that propels them through the host cell and facilitates cell-to-cell spread.

Adhesion

Attach to host cell surface, promoting bacterial internalization in the host cell.

Apoptosis

Exert control on the processes that regulate apoptosis in the host.

Interference with signaling

Interfere with host signaling cascade, promoting their internalization in the host cell and intracellular survival.

Interference with the immune response

Down-regulate host inflammatory responses, promoting their internalization in the host cell and intracellular survival.

Invasion

Promote their ability to invade the host cell.

Multi-nucleated giant cell formation

Induce host cell fusion and multi-nucleated giant cell formation.

Phagosomal escape and evasion of autophagy

Ensure bacterial escape from endocytic vesicles, as well as to evade autophagosome, ensuring the pathogens’ intracellular survival and cell-to-cell spread.

Ubiquitination - deubiquitination

Interfere with host ubiquitination processes to attenuate host immune response, to prevent their degradation, and to ensure their destruction when no longer required for establishing the infection.