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Table 3 Optimized swarm parameters for the five test functions.

From: Optimized Particle Swarm Optimization (OPSO) and its application to artificial neural network training

Optimized parameters

Schaffer D = 2

Griewangk D = 30

Rastrigin D = 30

Rosenbrock D = 30

Sphere D = 30

w start

-0.19

0.68

0.76

0.08

0.147

w end

1.57

0.18

0.85

0.63

0.070

n 1

0.66

1.87

1.89

1.20

0.984

n 2

0.48

2.21

0.40

2.57

2.71