Figure 11

Antibody blockades in the presence of antigen excess and chaotropic agents. An antibody (anti-biotin) molecule is introduced to the nanopore device to produce the characteristic signal shown in panel 1. In present of the antigen (biotin) there is a strong interaction: even 100 fold excess of biotin does not change signal considerably (panel 2). The signal changes greatly in presence of urea (panel 3), in relatively small concentrations insufficient to result in protein denaturing. Signal durations are shown for one second.