Table 2 NMR detected metabolic biomarkers of age. Age-related metabolite normalized concentrations reported as μM detected by NMR in urine.

2-Oxoglutarate

48.3 ± 16.6

85.3 ± 14.3†

p = 2.0E-07 vs. 25

62.5 ± 24.8‡

p = 4.0E-03 vs. 40

Acetate

24.1 ± 26.7

9.1 ± 5.4†

p = 4.3E-02 vs. 25

16.9 ± 20.6

Alanine

5.0 ± 1.9

2.7 ± 0.6†

p = 1.9E-04 vs. 25

3.0 ± 2.1†

p = 7.6E-03 vs. 25

Betaine

8.2 ± 3.5

9.2 ± 5.6

2.5 ± 1.1†‡

p = 9.1E-06 vs. 25

p = 2.4E-04 vs. 40

Citrate

94.6 ± 48.8

164.2 ± 33.7†

p = 7.0E-05 vs. 25

104.6 ± 36.5‡

p = 4.1E-05 vs. 40

Creatine

11.7 ± 2.5

4.2 ± 2.3†

p = 1.0E-09 vs. 25

7.1 ± 12.3

Creatinine

18.4 ± 3.5

26.3 ± 4.0†

p = 1.6E-06 vs. 25

50.9 ± 13.5†‡

p = 4.5E-08 vs. 25

p = 1.6E-06 vs. 40

Formate

11.7 ± 7.4

7.3 ± 1.7†

p = 3.2E-02 vs. 25

5.7 ± 2.3†‡

p = 6.4E-03 vs. 25

p = 4.0E-02 vs. 40

Fumarate

1.9 ± 0.9

1.6 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.4†‡

p = 1.0E-03 vs. 25

p = 1.6E-05 vs. 40

Glutamate

2.5 ± 1.2

1.7 ± 0.3†

p = 1.0E-02 vs. 25

1.2 ± 0.3†‡

p = 2.9E-04 vs. 25

p = 5.7E-05 vs. 40

Glutamine

3.7 ± 1.2

2.4 ± 0.5†

p = 5.4E-04 vs. 25

2.6 ± 0.8†

p = 2.8E-03 vs. 25

Hippurate

25.4 ± 13.9

40.6 ± 6.4†

p = 6.9E-04 vs. 25

37.2 ± 15.9†

p = 3.3E-02 vs. 25

Oxalacetate

36.1 ± 15.5

20.0 ± 5.7†

p = 9.4E-04 vs. 25

13.5 ± 5.7†‡

p = 2.7E-05 vs.25

p = 2.9E-03 vs. 40

Pyruvate

2.2 ± 2.1

1.4 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.7

Succinate

8.6 ± 2.1

6.9 ± 1.2†

p = 6.5E-03 vs. 25

8.3 ± 2.9

Taurine

2.7 ± 2.1

1.6 ± 0.7

19.5 ± 19.3†‡

p = 3.4E-03 vs. 25

p = 2.1E-03 vs. 40

trans-Aconitate

26.2 ± 4.9

30.2 ± 4.4†

p = 2.1E-02 vs. 25

22.3 ± 6.1‡

p = 2.8E-04 vs. 25