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Table 1 Examples of lexical surface realizations of hedging

From: Recognizing speculative language in biomedical research articles: a linguistically motivated perspective

Feature Type

Examples

Modal auxiliaries

may, might, could, would, should

Epistemic judgment verbs

suggest, indicate, speculate, believe, assume

Epistemic evidential verbs

appear, seem

Epistemic deductive verbs

conclude, infer, deduce

Epistemic adjectives

likely, probable, possible

Epistemic adverbs

probably, possibly, perhaps, generally

Epistemic nouns

possibility, suggestion