Table 1 The rule specifications

Verbal trigger rule

1

N P ₀ V _tr N P ₁

Transitive verb (active from)

NA

[ Pomegranate derived from the tree Punica granatum] [ contains] [anthocyanins ]. (PMID: 15493960)

2

N P ₁ V _tr PP N P ₀

Transitive verb (passive from)

Any preposition between V _tr and N P ₀

[About 450 mg of FB1 ] [ were obtained ] [ from ] [800g cultured corn ]. (PMID: 23605447)

3

N P ₀ V _tr PP N P ₁

Intransitive verb

Any preposition between V _tr and N P ₁

[The volatile oil (2-3 %) of ginger ] [ consists ] [ of ] mainly [mono and sesquiterpenes ]. (PMID: 17637489)

Preposition trigger rule

1

N P ₀ P P _tr N P ₁

Preposition

NA

[ switchgrass ] [ as ] [a sole carbon (C) source]. (PMID: 22354956)

2

N P ₁ P P _tr N P ₀

Preposition

NA

[ Saponins ] [ from ] [the flowers of Panax notoginseng ]. (PMID: 20518315)

Relative trigger rule

1

N P ₁ R _tr PP N P ₀

Past participle form

Any preposition between R _tr and N P ₀

[ Anthocyanins ] [ isolated ] [ from ] [ black soybean seed coat]. (PMID: 16457818)

2

N P ₀ R _tr (PP) N P ₁

Gerund form

When the trigger word (R _tr ) is “consisting,” preposition (PP), “of,” should be followed by R _tr .

With [thermally degraded Feverfw powder] [ containing ] [less contents of parthenolide ] no built-up antiserotonergic responses were observed after one month. (PMID: 11603284)

Apposition trigger rule

1

N P ₀ A P _tr N P ₁

Apposition form (e.g. comma)

The token distance between N P ₀ and N P ₁ should be within ten.

Whereas that in PD is [ soybean oil ][ , ] [a source of unsaturated fatty acids ]. (PMID: 19932903

2

N P ₁ A P _tr N P ₀

Apposition form (e.g. comma)

The token distance between N P ₀ and N P ₁ should be within ten.

[ Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)][ , ] [the major active component of marijuana ]. (PMID: 9129126)

Copula trigger rule

1

N P ₀ C _tr N P ₁

Be verb form

The token distance between N P ₀ and N P ₁ should be within ten.

[ Haematococcus pluvialis ] [ is ] [one of the potent organisms for production of astaxanthin ]. (PMID: 23605447)

2

N P ₁ C _tr N P ₀

Be verb form

The token distance between N P ₀ and N P ₁ should be within ten.

[The calcium contents] [ were ] the highest in [the papaya ]. (PMID: 21695915)

Compound noun trigger rule

1

N P ₀ C N _tr N P ₁

White space

NA

To study the protective effect of [ panax notoginseng ] [ saponins (PNS)]. (PMID: 19317166)