Fig. 4

Scatter plot of the − log10p-values for the WME estimates of the causal effects of log BMI on each studied metabolite in each of ten clusters of metabolites. Each plot in the figure refers to the metabolites in a particular cluster, with cluster 1 represented by the left top subplot, and cluster 10 represented by the right bottom subplot. In the plots, the sign of each p-value equals the sign of the corresponding causal effect. The horizontal axes index the metabolites in each cluster, their order depending on the clustering method. The black dashed lines indicate thresholds for significance (± log100.05). The blue lines are smoothing splines