Fig. 1

Representations of space which is based on and slightly adapts Figure 1 of [7]. We distinguish between (a) stochastic non spatial dynamics, (b) compartmental dynamics, (c) individual particles moving in continuous space, (d) partial differential equations, and (e) spatial stochastic dynamics. Type (c) individual particles moving in continuous space is further described by four levels, according to SCHöNEBERG et al. [8]. Each level builds upon the capabilities of the underlying ones, thus the representation as a pyramid. For example a method that provides excluded volumes should conceptually also be able to provide free diffusion and confined diffusion. ML-Force is characterized by a-b-c(4)