Fig. 1

The novel causal discovery framework. a A phosphorylation network without interventions. A yellow glow indicates the protein is active while ‘p’ in the circle shows the protein is phosphorylated. b A phosphorylation network with an intervention. A red glow suggests the protein is inactive. c The novel causal discovery framework. P nodes represent protein phosphorylation states; A nodes represent protein activity states; V nodes represent the intervention states. Gray arcs are required default arcs and black arcs represent the protein causal relationships to be inferred