Table 2 Performance assessments of direct estimation and multiple imputation for varying number of replicates based on 100 simulated data sets
From: Multiple imputation and direct estimation for qPCR data with non-detects
| Â | Direct estimation | Multiple imputation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias | MSE | Bias | MSE | |||||||||
| Â | k=4 | |||||||||||
\(\theta\) | − 0.024 | 0.005 | 0.031 | 0.112 | 0.171 | 0.225 | − 0.024 | 0.004 | 0.029 | 0.113 | 0.170 | 0.232 |
\(\sigma ^2_\theta\) | − 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.006 | − 0.045 | −  0.019 | 0.030 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Â | k=6 | |||||||||||
\(\theta\) | − 0.024 | 0.003 | 0.025 | 0.072 | 0.114 | 0.156 | − 0.024 | 0.003 | 0.023 | 0.072 | 0.114 | 0.155 |
\(\sigma ^2_\theta\) | − 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | − 0.02 | −  0.001 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Â | k=10 | |||||||||||
\(\theta\) | − 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.020 | 0.044 | 0.069 | 0.089 | − 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.044 | 0.069 | 0.090 |
\(\sigma ^2_\theta\) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | − 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |