Fig. 5

Bias of the SNP effect estimates \({\widehat{\gamma }}\) for two values of \(\gamma\) [\(\gamma = \log (1.5)\) and \(\gamma = \log (2)\)], in three scenarios (a moderate cohort and random effect; b moderate cohort effect, large random effect; c large cohort effect, moderate random effect), and three MAF bins (0.05 to 0.10, 0.20 to 0.25, and 0.45 to 0.50)