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Table 18 Example terms present in different LIWC and Empath categories

From: Analysis of associations between emotions and activities of drug users and their addiction recovery tendencies from social media posts using structural equation modeling

Term category

Lexicon

Meaning

Example terms

Negative emotion

LIWC

Terms reflecting negative emotion

Hurt, ugly, nasty,):, uncomfortable, shame

Sad

LIWC

Terms depicting sadness

Crying, grief, sad, low, useless, depressive

Anger

LIWC

Terms related to anger

Hate, kill, annoyed, damn, battle, destroy

Anxiety

LIWC

TERMS related to anxiety

Fearful, unsure, afraid, panic, paranoia, misery

Feel

LIWC

Terms related to sensations

Pain, painful, hurt, feels, touch

Affect

LIWC

Terms related to affect (feeling or emotion)

Cried, unsure, worst, depress, painful, killing

Swear

LIWC

Swear terms

Hell, crap, screw, pissed, shitstorm, dumb

Sexual

LIWC

Terms related to sex and sexual orientations

f***, stds, screwed, screw, aids, unplanned

Biology

LIWC

Terms reflecting biological processes

Brain, body, sleep, mouth, dosing, live

Death

LIWC

Terms related to death

Slay, dead, die, bury, od, hard,

Health

LIWC

Terms related to health

Dose, nauseas, drug, druggie, pain, addiction

Body

LIWC

Terms associated with body and body parts

Sleep, mouth, hand, sweating, blood, urinary

Hate

Empath

Terms depicting hatred

Hate, disgust, dislike, worse, awful, nasty

Negative_emotion

Empath

Terms reflecting negative emotion

Crying, stop, crushed, worried, scared, hard

Shame

Empath

Terms depicting shame

Uneasiness, suffer, terror, pitiful, shameful, sorrowful

Suffering

Empath

Terms related to suffering

Suffering, painful, tears, torture, excruciating, regret

Pain

Empath

Terms associated with pain

Pain, kill, kick, bad, headache, sick

Medical_emergency

Empath

Terms related to a medical emergency

Epilepsy, trauma, flu, lifeless, seizure, fever

Weakness

Empath

Terms depicting weakness

Shaky, weariness, emaciated, weakening, fatigue, frail

Health

Empath

Terms related to health

Health, clinic, pill, cramp, chronic, diarrhea

Emotional

Empath

Terms depicting an individual’s emotions

Suicidal, unhappy, rant, miserable, angry, mad

Swearing_terms

Empath

Swear terms

Hell, curse, swear, damn, shit, retard

Rural

Empath

Terms depicting a rural setting

Barren, cornfield, plantation, meadow, farmhouse, village

White_collar_job

Empath

Terms associated with white collar jobs

Manager, lawyer, nurse, job, engineer, analyst, salary

Blue_collar_job

Empath

Terms associated with blue collar jobs

Serving, maid, pizzeria, clerk, waiter, bartender

Office

Empath

Terms used in an office setting

Laptop, manager, fax, reception, printing, workplace