Fig. 4

The examples of the S-G and the S-G-P. a S-G. Node \(c_{1}\), \(g_{1}\), and \(g_{2}\) are linked in pairs. b S-G-P. Based on the structure of the S-G, chemical and gene nodes also share node \(p_{1}\) in the S-G-P. The S-G indicates the potential interaction between chemical \(c_{1}\) and gene \(g_{2}\) if chemical \(c_{1}\) interacts with gene \(g_{1}\) which associates with gene \(g_{2}\). Besides that, the S-G-P also considers the mechanism of action (pathway \(p_{1}\)) underlying the chemical-gene interaction and gene–gene association