Fig. 5
From: Detection of suspicious interactions of spiking covariates in methylation data
Demonstration of possible interactions between a spike at zero and the trend in the remaining values of the covariate on an example of normal distributed m-values generated by an Epigenome-wide association study. The covariate could have different spike at left positions shown in the left columns: high, medium, and low values. The remaining, non-spike covariate values could have a positive trend (A, B, and C), no trend (D, E, and F) or a negative trend (G, H, and I). The position of the spike and the trend can support each other (C, E, and G), cancel each other out (B and H), or switch the biological interpretation (A and I)