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Table 2 Summary of miRNA cluster functional roles based on literature survey

From: Simultaneous learning of individual microRNA-gene interactions and regulatory comodules

Index

Description

References

2

Aberrant expression of GABRA3 and the miRNAs it harbors (miR-105, miR-767) is reported in several tumor types. Furthermore, these miRNAs have been identified as protective in anaplastic gliomas

[42, 43]

5

The miR-449 cluster regulates the Rb-E2F pathway, which controls the initiation of DNA replication and functions as a singal for inducing apoptosis

[44, 45]

11

miR-15b and miR-16 target BCL2, which inhibits chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis

[46]

20

Originally discovered by Bentwich et al. of Rosetta Genomics, the C19MC cluster spans 100 kb and yields 59 mature miRNAs, making it largest cluster of miRNAs in the human genome

[40, 41]

31

The miR-1247 cluster directly targets SOX9, a transcription factor essential for cartilage formation and function and thus may be an important regulator of cartilage function. Increased expression of these mirNAs has also been shown to inhibit proliferation, tumorigenicity, colony formation and triggered G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in pancreatic cancer cells

[47, 48]

33

miR-10a is located in the Hox clusters of developmental regulators and was identified as a regulator of ribosome biogenesis and thus also global protein production. miR-10a and other miRNAs in the miR-10 family are de-regulated in several types of cancer

[49]

44

miR-199 and miR-214 cooperatively function to differentiate mammalian skeletal precursor cells into osteoblasts or chondrocytes as well as develop muscles and the heart. These miRNAs are responsible for the development and progression of various cancers

[50]

49

The p53/miR-34 pathway regulates cell death via apoptosis, thus the miR-34 family acts primarily as a tumor suppressor

[51]

56

miR-212/132 are tandem miRNAs that are responsible for the proper development, maturation and function of neurons. They are also known to function in inflammatory and immune processes

[52]

58

miR-552 suppresses both transcription and translation of cytochrome P450 2E1, known to be important in the metabolism in ethanol and other low molecular weight chemicals

[53]

62

KMT2A upregulates the expression of the let-7 family, which in turn inhibits cyclin D2. Inhibition of cyclin D2 in combination with up-regulation of these miRNAs mediate the suppression of cardiac hypertrophy

[54]

68

miR-153 is negative regulator of both insulin and dopamine secretion. It is also both a suppressor and enhancer in tumor growth

[55, 56]

78

miR-1/133a are transcribed together but have opposing effects on myoblast proliferation differentiation. The former inhibits proliferation and promotes differentiation while the latter has the opposite effect. These miRNA are also known to be downregulated in bladder cancer and thus these miRNAs function as tumor suppressors

[57, 58]

82

miR-192/194/215 play a role in kidney development and differentiation. These miRNAs are downregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and thus are responsible for tumor-suppressor pathways

[59, 60]

104

miR-221/222 are known to be potent regulators of p27Kip1, a cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor

[61, 62]

110

miR-130a/301a/454 promote the proliferation of colon cancer cells through inhibition of Smad4

[63]

  1. Index, comodule index; Description, function according to literature abstract