Fig. 2

Building modules and noise source considered in DeSP. a Abstractions of the DNA data storage channel. A file will be split into several DNA sequences, one DNA sequence has multiple copies in the synthesized pool, and sequence information will be recovered with the voting result of multiple sequencing reads. b Two kinds of basic modules. E module: error generation module; D module: distribution changing module. c Full DNA data storage channel model built by composing basic modules. d A summary of how each stage influences the oligonucleotides composition in terms of introducing new errors and changing copy number distribution