Fig. 4

Noise structures of DNA data storage channel. a The Evolvement of oligonucleotides number distribution and error number distribution across the channel. The first row shows the distribution change of the copy numbers of about two thousand oligonucleotides that encode a file. A sequence will be lost if the copy number of the sequence falls to zero, and the percentages of lost sequence are denoted in the figure. In the second row, error number = 1 means the oligonucleotides sequence contains one error after voting all its copies. The percentages of sequences with more than one error are denoted. b Influence of sampling/sequencing depth and sequencing error rate to final voting error rate obtained from quantitative repeated experiments. c Copy numbers of different error types of one sequence after different stages, corresponding final voting result, and the final voting result obtained under Nanopore sequencing platform with the same sample