Fig. 3

Average minimum standard error of the case parameter estimate. The standard error of the parameter estimates was estimated under each of the experimental scenarios (Table 1) across all 10,000 gene expression features. We estimated the average minimum standard error across all of the 1000 simulation iterations. The average minimum standard error was estimated for \({\upbeta }_{1}\) (panel A, case vs control parameter that was set at 0 to represent the null hypothesis), \({\upbeta }_{2}\) (panel B, parameter estimate representing the association between age and gene expression), and \({\upbeta }_{3}\) (panel C, parameter estimate representing the association between HbA1c and gene expression. Opt = optimal allocation strategy, R = simple randomization strategy, SR = stratified randomization strategy