Highlights from the Fourth International Society for Computational Biology Student Council Symposium at the Sixteenth Annual International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology

In this meeting report we give an overview of the talks and presentations from the Fourth International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) Student Council Symposium held as part of the annual Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference in Toronto, Canada. Furthermore, we detail the role of the Student Council (SC) as an international student body in organizing this symposium series in the context of large, international conferences.


Introduction
The Student Council (SC) of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) is a student-led, worldwide network of young researchers in computational biology and bioinformatics. The ISCB Board of Directors officially approved the SC in July 2004 at the joint European Conference on Computational Biology (ECCB) and Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference in Glasgow, Scotland. The major aims of the SC are to organize events and facilitate networking opportunities for SC members while nurturing soft skills to complement the normal academic program, such as organizational, teamwork and networking skills. Since its inception, the SC has organized an annual student symposium for the benefit of the student community in the field of computational biology and bioinformatics. This year the 4th ISCB Student Council Symposium was held in Toronto on the 18th of July, as a satellite meeting of the Annual International conference ISMB 2008, with the participation of over 100 delegates.
The symposium opened with a keynote by ISCB president Burkhard Rost (Columbia University, USA) on "Evolution teaches protein prediction". Later in the day Mark Gerstein (Yale University, USA) talked on computational proteomics emphasizing the study of protein motions from a database perspective during his lecture. The symposium ended with a closing keynote by Timothy Hughes (University of Toronto, Canada), who gave an overview of the complexity and diversity of the protein-DNA Interactome to the audience, concluding with an impressive array of talks by internationally well-acclaimed scientists. A from Fourth International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) Student Council Symposium Toronto, Canada. 18 July 2008 research and industry partners session provided a chance for students to become familiar with the opportunities outside the academic world. The session included presentation by Louisa Wright (EBI-EMBL), Jong Bhak, (Korean BioInformation Center, KOBIC) and Richard Wintle (The Centre for Applied Genomics, Canada). A panel discussion on "Career Paths in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology" led by Manuel Corpas with the participation of Philip E. Bourne (University of California San Diego, USA), Alfonso Valencia (Spanish National Research Council, Spain), Jong Bhak, (Korean BioInformation Center, KOBIC) and Richard Wintle (The Centre for Applied Genomics, Canada) gave the attendees the opportunity to ask questions about their opinion on different choices for a future in the field, to both people in academic and non-academic sectors.

Proceedings
Students were given the chance to present their work during two student presentation sessions, which included a total of nine talks, and a poster session at the end of the symposium. The goal of the proceedings of the symposium is to present a selection of the best abstracts selected from a total of 75 submissions. The abstracts that have been selected for this supplement comprise eight abstracts chosen from oral presentations and a set of six bestranked abstracts from the posters presented at the symposium during the poster session. Rigorous peer review was carried out by members of the program committee, which comprised of an international group of students and young researchers.
All the abstracts selected for the proceedings can be broadly grouped into the following major themes:

Protein-protein interactions
Last century has seen a revolution in our understanding of biological sciences due to the availability of several highthroughput technologies generating numerous large-scale data sets, which have provided us with an unprecedented knowledge of biological systems. Protein-protein interaction networks, which are an outcome of these technological advancements, have proven to be an invaluable tool to mine functional genomics data and to understand protein function. One of the crucial features of these networks is the presence of functional modules (groups of proteins involved in common biological processes). In line with efforts to identify these groups of functionally related proteins, Cho et al.
[1] presented a functional flowbased approach to efficiently identify overlapping modules that outperforms the graph-theoretic or data-mining techniques currently available. Another overlooked aspect of protein-protein interactions is that proteins tend to aggregate seemingly as frequently as they form complexes with other proteins. Pechmann et al. [2] showed that interface regions of protein complexes are on average more aggregation prone than other surface regions and that there is indeed a competition between aggregation and protein complex formation. Although understanding protein interactions is extremely useful not only to characterize the functional role of a protein but also to decipher its cellular and biochemical context, large-scale interaction networks are only available for a few model organisms. With that in mind, Michaut et al. [3] have developed an automated tool (InteroPORC) to predict and transfer the annotations of interacting proteins using the currently available interaction network data for model systems, thereby facilitating the identification of conserved interaction networks for any species with a completed genome sequence.

Annotation and data mining
With increasing number of completely sequenced genomes and large-scale data sets, the task of annotating these genomes and mining the data becomes progressively more complex. This is particularly true for largescale gene-expression and genotyping experiments done with microarrays on a variety of platforms derived from new technologies, as well as for proteomics data. For most biologists, the low correlation between mRNA and protein abundance estimated by high-throughput methods reported previously is surprisingly low. With a clear need for better technologies to address these questions, Bitton et al. [4] showed that the advent of exon arrays, as well as the application of enhanced bioinformatics filtering and peptide mapping techniques supports a tighter integration of quantitative proteomics and microarray data. Another challenge posed by these ever increasing numbers of large-scale studies is our ability to integrate them and annotate related experiments. Ruau et al. [5] developed a new way of integrating microarray data and doing semantic annotation with ontologies by employing text mining and expression profile correlation.

Comparative genomics and evolution
One of the most common ways to explore genome-wide data is by studying the evolutionary presence of different components involved in the system, whether that is comparing different species, different variants within a population of the same organism or variation within the same genome. Jain et al. [6] illustrated the use of comparative genomics to identify non-classically secreted proteins in fungal genomes and experimentally validated their predictions in Botrytis cinerea and symbiotic fungus Laccaria bicolor. Bohnhert et al. [7], on the other hand explored sequence variation within the same species, Oryza sativa (rice), using machine learning methods and defined an inventory of sequence variation that constitutes an unprecedented resource for further functional studies and modern breeding of rice. While variation of homologous sequences between and within species are common ways to enhance adaptation to the environment, duplications play a major role in the evolution of genomes by creating and modifying molecular functions. Abraham et al. [8] developed a program to detect repeats in DNA, protein sequences, and in 3D structures and found many symmetrical repeats in 3D structures that may drive protein evolution.

Novel algorithms
Novel technologies for generating high-throughput data require novel algorithms. Most recent sequencing technologies produce huge amounts of reads that are short and error prone, however they come with considerable advantages. Both De Bona et al. [9] and Rausch et al. [10] developed algorithms to circumvent some of the problems faced with short sequence reads. The first approach employed the additional information, in terms of position-wise quality scores, to improve the alignments using machine learning methods, while the latter developed a new consensus method that is robust to data with high coverage, short reads and genomic variation. Novel sequencing technologies however are limited in their ability to remediate the challenge imposed by repeat elements that are so pervasive in eukaryotic genomes. While a number of algorithms are available for discovering novel dispersed repeats, a significant amount of analysis is required to characterize the new elements. Saha et al. [11] presented a novel algorithm for mining spatial relationships among repeat families to yield clusters of repeat regions on the genome.

Bioinformatics of Health and Disease
The utility of bioinformatics tools in understanding complex diseases and public health issues has proven invaluable in the genomic era. However, integrating large-scale data sets to gain meaningful understanding of disease dynamics and disease-causing organisms is challenging. Identifying Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that are responsible for common and complex diseases such as cancer is of major interest in current molecular epidemiology. Hyoun Lee et al. [12] developed a novel framework for prioritizing SNPs based on their possible deleterious effects in a probabilistic framework and thus help prioritize SNPs possibly linked to disease. Understanding the causative agents of human diseases, implies an improvement in our understanding of their genomes, as illustrated by the work of Chukualim et al. [13] in establishing a metabolic pathway database that will facilitate research on Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of african sleeping sickness. Drug target development remains an important challenge in battling disease causing organisms as well as cancer and chronic diseases. Hence, it is not surprising that drug-target prediction using bioinformatics approaches is an extremely fast-growing field, but most of the available tools are very intuitive and qualitative. Xao et al. [14] presented a work in which they characterized quantitative systems-level determinants of human drug targets and found that genes associated with successful FDA-approved drugs have a number of properties at the network, sequence, and tissue-expression levels that significantly distinguish them from other human genes.

Conclusion
A total of 75 abstracts were received for the symposium. All abstracts were rigorously reviewed by at least two referees to select the best abstracts for oral presentation. Eventually, nine authors were invited to give oral presentations of their abstracts and the remaining were invited to present their work as posters. The research presented covered a wide variety of scientific themes including (1) Protein-protein interactions, (2) Annotation and data mining, (3) Comparative genomics and evolution, (4) Novel algorithms, as well as (5) Bioinformatics of Health and Disease. A selection of 14 outstanding abstracts has been compiled for this supplement.
After 4 years of successful events we are confident that the Student Council Symposium series and related proceedings are a necessary and well-received addition to the program of major conferences in our field. The Student Council leadership is determined to continue and expand its efforts to promote the career-development of the next generation of computational biologists.

Outlook
The 5th ISCB Student Council Symposium will be held in Stockholm, Sweden in conjunction with the joint European Conference on Computational Biology and Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ECCB/ISMB) conference in July 2009. Further information about the Student Council Symposium will be available on our web site at the address http://www.iscbsc.org.