Fig. 2

GA final population distribution to maximize a multimodal function. The function has unequally spaced peaks of nonuniform height. Final population, at generation 100, in 3 cases: a Without fitness sharing. b Using fitness sharing with σ _share =0.01, where the population is clustered around most of the peaks of the multimodal function. c Using fitness sharing with σ _share =0.1, where the population is clustered around the different peaks of the multimodal function