Table 4 Representative false negative (A) and false positive (B) sentences for the first step (relation extraction to identify PK DDI sentences)
Sentence in Validation Dataset | True Label | Predicted Label | Reason for Wrong Prediction |
|---|---|---|---|
A | |||
Griseofulvin decreases the activity of warfarin-type anticoagulants so that patients receiving these drugs concomitantly may require dosage adjustment of the anticoagulant during and after griseofulvin therapy | 1 | 0 | Sentence does not contain information to be classified as PK DDI |
Barbiturates usually depress griseofulvin activity and concomitant administration may require a dosage adjustment of the antifungal agent | 1 | 0 | Sentence does not contain information to be classified as PK DDI |
Elimination can be accelerated by the following procedures: 1)Administer cholestyramine 8 g orally 3 times daily for 11 days | 1 | 0 | The name of the drug for the drug label is omitted from the sentence in some old drug labels |
There may be competition for elimination with other compounds that are also renally eliminated | 1 | 0 | The name of the drug for the drug label is omitted from the sentence |
B | |||
The glucose lowering effect of ADMELOG may be decreased when co-administered with corticosteroids, isoniazid, niacin, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenothiazines, danazol, diuretics, sympathomimetic agents (e.g., epinephrine, albuterol, terbutaline), somatropin, atypical antipsychotics, glucagon, protease inhibitors, and thyroid hormones | 0 | 1 | Sentence contains information to be classified as DDI, but not enough information to distinguish PK vs non-PK mechanisms |
Compared to a patient with a body weight of 65 kg, the rivastigmine steady-state concentrations in a patient with a body weight of 35 kg would be approximately doubled, while for a patient with a body weight of 100 kg the concentrations would be approximately halved | 0 | 1 | Sentence contains information about an interaction between drugs and non-drug elements (body weight) |
Smoking Following oral rivastigmine administration (up to 12 mg/day) with nicotine use, population pharmacokinetic analysis showed increased oral clearance of rivastigmine by 23% (n = 75 smokers and 549 nonsmokers) | 0 | 1 | Sentence contains information about an interaction between drugs and non-drug elements (smoking) |
Intervention: Dose reductions and increased frequency of glucose monitoring may be required when BASAGLAR is co-administered with these drugs | 0 | 1 | Sentence contains information to be classified as DDI, but not enough information to distinguish PK vs non-PK mechanisms |