Fig. 11

Factors of the 4-component CP model for full-dynamic data with beta-cell dysfunction and control groups. The individual variation is given by setting the random perturbation level to \(\alpha =0.2\). The vectors \({{\mathbf {{a}}}}_{r}\), \({{\mathbf {{b}}}}_{r}\) and \({{\mathbf {{c}}}}_{r}\), \(r=1, \ldots , 4\), are the components in the subjects, metabolites and time modes extracted by the CP model