Fig. 5

Relationship between a QNetDiff scores (horizontal axis) for all 26 core bacteria and their related bacteria, and \(-\log _{10}p\) (vertical axis) for the significant difference p obtained from the test comparing two groups, Healthy and Stage_0; b similarly, the relationship between NetShift score (horizontal axis) and \(-\log _{10}p\) (vertical axis). The black horizontal line indicates the significance level \(p=0.005\), and the size of the circle (area) indicates the mean abundance of each genus in the total samples. c The value \(-\log _{10}p\) of the significant difference p obtained by the two-group test for the increase of abundance in each of the three stages (Stage_0, Stage_I_II, Stage_III_IV) compared to Healthy. (Here, only genera whose p-values are lower than the significance level at any of the stages are shown. The black horizontal line indicates the significance level of \(p=0.005\))