Figure 2

Normalized objective function contours of the ML and DFD methods in the E. coli RNA dynamics model. The parameter values k₂ and k₃ were varied between 0.1 and 1 while keeping the value of k₁ at its original value. The normalization was done with respect to the optimal solution from each parameter estimation method, where the white circles represent the extrema on the normalized objective function plane. (A-B) Normalized objective function contours of the DFD-CDF and ML methods using sparse datasets (m = 10), respectively. (C-E) Normalized objective functions of the DFD-CDF, -PDF and ML methods using population datasets (m = 10,000).