Fig. 3

Power simulations comparing variance-component score-based gene set testing procedures to existing methods. Power performance is shown for a gene set of 3 causal genes with a 100% causal risk signal proportion under the disease model settings where all causal genes contribute to disease via a methylation effect only (M); b methylation and mRNA expression effect (MG); c methylation, mRNA expression, and their interactive effects (MGC); d equal mixtures of M, MG, and MGC. κ on the x-axis denotes the coefficient multiplier for each of the effects β _M , β _MG , and β _MGC