Fig. 1
The ‘apparent’ analysis plots. For a given population, a simple gap analysis separates true triads from spurious relationships. (a) Gower Dissimilarities (GDij|k) are plotted for all possible parent-offspring combinations in the population, enabling an inspection of gap size and all subsequent hypothesis testing. (b) For each significant parent-offspring association from the dyad analysis, distribution plots of mean GDi(1...j)|k values (GDM) and their standard deviation in units of GDi|k (GDCV) help visualize the analysis. In this particular example, A. arguta cv. ‘#74–32’ was correctly identified as a parent of offspring 10 despite the absence of the other parent (cv. ‘Chang Bai Mountain 5’) from the population and the confounding presence of two full-sibs (offspring 11 and 12)