Fig. 4

Increased Flux in Isoprenoids Metabolism in Response to Chloroquine. Illustration of isoprenoid metabolism reactions showing increases in flux levels in both chloroquine-treated models versus untreated models (represented in grey). 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase utilizes thiamine diphosphate as a cofactor (marked by dotted arrow). We also predict a shift in thiamine diphosphate production, where the de novo synthesis pathway (shown in white) and the import pathway (shown in solid black) is used during short- and long-term treatment, respectively. Pharmacologic inhibitors target isoprenoid metabolism (fosmidomycin, indicated in red). Connectivity to other metabolic pathways are shown (dotted lines)