Fig. 2

Workflow of pathway-level models. The abbreviation “Uni Cox” represents “Univariable Cox model”, “Multi Cox” represents “Multivariable Cox model”. 5-fold cross validation is conducted and for each training set, Cox Lasso is fitted. The estimated Cox model is applied to the test set to assess predictive performance. Unpenalized Cox models are also fitted, with the average value of lambda as the regularization parameter, to obtain non-shrunken coefficient estimates and p values