Table 5 Latent variable structure, direct effects, and covariances of the Empath withdrawal management SEM model
Relationships between variables | Estimate | Standardized estimate | Standard error | Z value | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latent variables | ||||||
 Emotional distress—>  | Negative_ emotion | 1.000 | 0.557 | – | – | – |
 Emotional distress—>  | Weakness | 1.539 | 0.858 | 0.061 | 25.04 | 0.000 |
 Emotional distress—>  | Health | 1.453 | 0.809 | 0.034 | 42.9 | 0.000 |
 Emotional distress—>  | Pain | 1.265 | 0.705 | 0.030 | 42.4 | 0.000 |
 Physical distress—>  | medical_emergency | 1.000 | 0.228 | – | – | – |
 Physical distress—>  | Weakness | .996 | 0.228 | 0.075 | 13.2 | 0.000 |
 Physical distress—>  | Health | 0.1.206 | 0.275 | 0.050 | 24.0 | 0.000 |
 Physical distress—>  | Pain | 4.100 | 0.936 | 0.250 | 16.4 | 0.000 |
Regressions | ||||||
 Emotional distress—>  | Recovery | 0.140 | 0.078 | 0.146 | 2.2 | 0.022 |
 Physical pain- >  | Recovery | 0.422 | 0.096 | 0.061 | 2.9 | 0.004 |
Correlations | ||||||
Negative_emotion | Suffering | − 0.011 | − 0.023 | 0.016 | − 0.702 | 0.483 |
Negative_emotion | Hate | 0.073 | 0.123 | 0.015 | 4.7 | 0.000 |
Medical_emergency | Health | 0.608 | 0.650 | 0.014 | 44.9 | 0.000 |
Health | Suffering | 0.128 | 0.227 | 0.008 | 16.3 | 0.000 |
Weakness | Suffering | 0.105 | 0.184 | 0.008 | 14.0 | 0.000 |
Shame | Hate | 0.013 | 0.036 | 0.004 | 3.3 | 0.257 |
Suffering | Hate | 0.152 | 0.365 | 0.018 | 8.2 | 0.000 |
Negative_emotion | Shame | − 0.092 | − 0.217 | 0.005 | − 17.7 | 0.000 |
Medical_emergency | Suffering | 0.070 | 0.122 | 0.008 | 9.2 | 0.000 |
Pain | Shame | 0.161 | 0.897 | 0.024 | 6.6 | 0.00 |
Emotional distress | Physical pain | 0.116 | 0.913 | 0.008 | 15.0 | 0.000 |