Fig. 1

Distribution of average kinship coefficients estimated by the scGRM (a) and UKin (b). Two hundred unrelated families each consisting of 500 full siblings were simulated, with each sibling genotyped at 10,000 SNPs. The averages of kinship coefficients among all individual pairs from the same family were calculated and the distribution of these averages is displayed. The true value of kinship coefficient between full siblings is 0.25. The vertical dashed line in each plot corresponds to the mean value of these averages estimated by the corresponding method