Fig. 3

Abundance estimation error on species level—heatmap. gure 3. Abundance estimation error on species level—heatmap. Abundance estimation error was calculated by comparing the abundances calculated for each tool to the ground truth. Errors were calculated separately for species present in the sample (a) In-sample error L1) and for species erroneously reported by tools as present when they are absent from the sample (b) Out-of-sample error L1). The heatmap's cell color intensity directly reflects the magnitude of the estimation error, with red indicating higher errors and blue indicating lower errors. Notably, in the PB_Zymo dataset, species Veillonella rogosae (taxId: 423,477) and Prevotella corporis (taxId: 28,128) account for 19.94% and 6.26% of the composition, respectively, but are absent from the database.”