In our previous work [1] we generalized Olshausen's algorithm [2] and designed a perceptual learning model using video sequences. In this study we propose to model conjunction search. Conjunction search (search for a unique combination of two features – e.g., orientation and spatial frequency – among distractions that share only one of these features) examines how the system combines features into perceptual wholes. We propose to improve the effectiveness of the decomposition algorithm by providing classification awareness. Attentional guidance does not depend solely on local visual features, but must also include the effects of interactions among features. The idea is to group together filters that will be responsible to extract similar features. It is well known that knowledge about which features define the target improves search performance and/or accuracy [3]. The nearest neighbors of the fixations will share a certain feature.
Methods
The main goal of this work is to use sequences of images and to design an attention model including conjunction search based on unsupervised self-learning. First, Independent Component Analysis algorithm is used to determine an initial set of basis functions from the first image (Figure 1). Second, unsupervised self-organizing learning is used to group together similar bases functions (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Initial basis images. a) the original image; b) a set of basis functions received by ICA from several patches from one image; c) and d) the convolution results of two functions with the original image.
Figure 2
Components for unsupervised self-organizing learning.
Conclusion
It is shown that performing sparse learning codes on video sequences of natural scenes produces results with qualitatively similar spatio-temporal properties of simple receptive field of neurons. The basic functions are similar to those obtained by sparse learning, but in our model they have a particular order (Figure 3). The proposed framework was tested using neurobiological (event related potentials ERP's) and behavioral (eye tracking) data.
Figure 3
Ordered resulting basis functions.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The project described was supported by NIH Grant Number P20 RR-16460 from the IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) Program of the National Center for Research Resources.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
References
Milanova M, Wachowiak M, Rubin S, Elmaghraby A: A perceptual learning model based on topological representation, neural networks.Proceedings, IJCNN'01 International Conference 2001, 406–411.Google Scholar
Olshausen B: Sparse codes and spikes. In Probabilistic Models of Perception and Brain Function. Edited by: Rao RPN, Olshausen BA, Lewicki MS. MIT Press; 2001.Google Scholar
Rutishauser U, Koch C: Probabilistic modeling of eye movement data during conjunction search via feature-based attention.Journal of Vision 2007, 7(6):5. 1–20 1–20 10.1167/7.6.5View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
